Employment Peaking at Great Lakes Shipyards

When the 1,000-foot-long Great Lakes freighter EDWIN H. GOTT arrives at Bay Shipbuilding Company in Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, today, it will mark the beginning of the busiest time of year for Great Lakes shipyards. This project and other annual winter maintenance work on U.S.-flag Great Lakes ships will provide jobs for more than 1,200 men and women at U.S. shipyards around the Great Lakes.

The GOTT, one of the largest U.S.-flag vessels working the Great Lakes, is having new engines installed this winter that will increase its fuel efficiency and significantly reduce its air emissions. The vessel, built in Sturgeon Bay in 1978, carries iron ore from the “Twin Ports” of Duluth, Minnesota/Superior, Wisconsin, and Two Harbors, Minnesota, to Gary, Indiana, Detroit, Michigan, and Conneaut, Ohio, as well as Nanticoke in Ontario, Canada. A full load on a ship this size, 70,000 tons when water levels permit, will keep a major steel mill in operation for more than 4 days.

There are three large shipyards and several “top-side” repair facilities on the Great Lakes. Bay Shipbuilding Company is located in Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, and its winter workforce tops 750. Donjon Shipbuilding and Repair in Erie, Pennsylvania, ups its workforce to more than 140 from December to April. Employment at Fraser Shipyards, Inc, in Superior, Wisconsin, grows to more than 200 during the winter. These three yards alone generate an annual payroll of nearly $50 million.

Smaller shipyards and repair facilities are located throughout the Great Lakes. Toledo, Ohio, is home to H. Hansen Industries and IronHead Marine. Cleveland, Ohio, hosts Cleveland Shiprepair Co. and Great Lakes Shipyard. Basic Marine is based in Escanaba, Michigan. Other support services are available in Buffalo, Detroit, Chicago, Muskegon, Michigan, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and Milwaukee.

The U.S.-flag Great Lakes fleet numbers approximately 70 large self-propelled vessels and integrated tug/barge units. In a strong economy, these vessels can carry upwards of 120 million tons of dry- and liquid-bulk products and generate more than 1,600 shipboard and shoreside jobs. Since vessels operate 24/7, it actually requires more than 2,200 mariners to keep the fleet sailing from late March until late December or early January.

When these vessels arrive at their winter berths, they are often returning to the very place they were built. Under U.S. maritime law, the Jones Act to be specific, vessels that transport cargo between U.S. ports must be built in the United States, as well as owned by U.S. citizens and crewed with American mariners.

“Maintaining and modernizing American domestic vessels is a real economic driver in communities with shipyards and repair facilities,” said Mark Ruge, counsel for Maritime Cabotage Task Force. “On the Great Lakes, it has been estimated that a wintering vessel generates at least $800,000 in economic benefits to the community.”

Two other U.S.-flag lakers have been repowered in recent years. In addition to the one repowering scheduled for this winter, new generators will be installed on some vessels, and a mid-sized ship will have its steam turbine rebuilt.

Other projects for this coming winter include renewing steel in cargo holds and overhauling bow thrusters. Bow thrusters jet water in either direction and allow vessels to better maneuver in confined waters.

Unloading system conveyor belts will be replaced on several vessels. Virtually every U.S.-flag laker is capable of discharging cargo without any assistance from shoreside personnel or equipment. The cost savings are but one benefit. With self-unloading vessels, virtually any waterfront property can become a working dock.

Most of these projects will not be performed in drydock. However, a number of U.S.-flag lakers will be placed in drydock so the U.S. Coast Guard can sound the hull during an internal and external stem-to-stern inspection of the vessel.

When the U.S.-flag Lakes fleet returns to service next spring, a new vessel will continue to take shape at the Donjon yard in Erie, Pennsylvania. The yard is building a 740-foot-long self-unloading barge that will be coupled with a tug also under construction there. As construction of the barge ramps up to full speed, employment at the yard will reach 200.

Raw materials dominate the Jones Act trades on the Great Lakes. Iron ore for the steel industry can top 50 million tons. Coal for power generation can total more than 27 million tons. Limestone cargos for the construction and steel industries can approach 30 million tons. Other cargos include cement for the construction industry, salt to de-ice wintry roads, industrial sand, asphalt, and light fuel and heating oils.


Maritime Cabotage Task Force (“MCTF”) was founded in 1995 to promote the U.S.-flag fleet engaged in domestic waterborne commerce. With more than 400 members, MCTF is the largest coalition ever assembled to represent the domestic segment of the U.S. Merchant Marine. Nationwide, there are more than 39,000 vessels engaged in Jones Act commerce and they annually move more than 1 billion tons of cargo and 100 million passengers. Jones Act commerce annually generates 500,000 jobs, contributes $100 billion in total economic output, adds $46 billion to the value of U.S. economic output, provides $29 billion in wages, and contributes $11 billion in taxes. The law has been broadly supported by every Congress and Administration since its passage in 1920 and is considered a key element in the nation’s national defense capabilities.

PHOTO 1, 2: EDWIN H. GOTT
PHOTO 2: Aerial view of Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin.