The Government Shutdown's Effects on the Maritime Industry

[By Charlie Papavisas, Allen Black and Bryant E. Gardner]

On December 22, 2018, a continuing resolution passed by Congress to fund a portion of the U.S. Government into the 2019 fiscal year expired and was not renewed, resulting in a partial federal government shutdown. The shutdown is having significant regulatory impacts which will become more severe and then debilitating over time.

The partial closure of certain agencies has a negative effect on many industries, including the maritime industry, which is growing over time. In addition to the fact that agencies can no longer contract for services until the shutdown is over, agencies also cannot, in many instances, accept regulatory filings, issue regulatory permissions and approvals, or provide regulatory advice. If the shutdown lasts long enough, the effects could be severe, including the cancellation or postponement of projects, such as offshore wind projects, because of the resulting uncertainty.

The following is a summary of the status of three primary maritime agencies affected by the shutdown.

U.S. Coast Guard

The Coast Guard reports that of its 53,000 employees, 43,000 are considered excepted (including all uniform personnel) and are working without pay, and about 10,000 Coast Guard employees are furloughed and prohibited from working. The Coast Guard’s 41,000 active duty uniformed personnel have the dubious distinction of being the only U.S. uniformed military service members who are not being paid while they serve their country.

The Coast Guard indicates that it is still continuing operations authorized by law that provide for national security or that protect life and property, such as search and rescue, port and homeland safety and security, law enforcement, and environmental response activities. However, the Coast Guard has been forced to limit or suspend mission activities that do not fall within those categories.

For example, the Coast Guard has been forced to suspend or limit the review and approval of applications for certificates of financial responsibility which are required for U.S. flagged vessels and for foreign flag vessels planning to enter U.S. waters. While the contractors who carry out the review and approval of vessel response plans, vessel security plans and shipboard oil pollution emergency plans are still on the job, they won’t be if their contracts are not renewed. As a consequence, while the Coast Guard personnel who remain at their desks are working to provide necessary certificates and approvals on a “just-in-time” basis, certain U.S. vessels may not be able to operate, and certain foreign vessels may be unable to deliver their cargoes to the U.S., or may be delayed in making U.S. port calls. 

The Coast Guard is still carrying out domestic vessel inspections and foreign vessel port state control examinations, but is having to do that work with only uniformed personnel, since the agency is not able to use its civilian marine inspector workforce. That workforce was built up over the past several years in response to recommendations to improve the experience and skill level of the Coast Guard’s marine inspection program. Their absence is creating a significant challenge to the Coast Guard’s ability to manage inspections and port state control activities. In addition, if a marine casualty were to happen during the shutdown, while the Coast Guard’s active duty personnel may be able to start the marine casualty investigation process, their ability to pursue investigations to identify critical safety issues and implement needed actions will be limited.

The shutdown is greatly impeding activities related to vessel construction, sales, repairs, and financing. While recreational vessels may still be documented, persons seeking to purchase and document commercial vessels with the U.S. Coast Guard, or obtain mortgage loans on documented vessels, cannot currently do so. Likewise, lenders and other creditors cannot obtain information about vessel mortgages and liens needed for vessel financing transactions, and cannot record mortgages against vessels to secure loans.

Uniformed Coast Guard personnel at the Marine Safety Center who carry out legally required vessel plan reviews to ensure that new vessels are built, or existing vessels are repaired or rebuilt, in accordance with Coast Guard and international safety regulations are still on the job, but their civilian colleagues who provide significant experience and expertise are not. As a result, plan reviews and approvals may be substantially delayed or not possible during the shutdown. In addition, during the shutdown the maritime industry cannot meet with Coast Guard officials in connection with new vessel designs and innovations or to address regulatory challenges. 

American seafarers are not currently able to take examinations required for licenses and other credentials, and cannot update or renew their mariner credentials. While the Coast Guard is attempting to mitigate the impacts of the shutdown on seafarers by extending the expiration dates of credentials, persons who have worked hard to advance to a higher grade of license must wait. 

Because the majority of the mostly civilian workforce at the Coast Guard’s National Pollution Fund Center has been furloughed, the Center is not able to process or pay claims for pollution damage, even where settlement agreements have already been reached. 

The shutdown is also having an impact on the United States’ international maritime interests. The Coast Guard is the lead U.S. representative to the International Maritime Organization, which sets the international laws and regulations governing vessel construction, vessel operations, and pollution prevention. During the shutdown, the agency is not able to carry out the necessary planning and preparation it would otherwise do to represent United States’ interests in the setting and interpretation of international regulations. The shutdown has also forced the Coast Guard to effectively suspend work on its regulatory reform project to update federal maritime regulations. The longer the shutdown continues, the greater the backlog will be for the currently suspended Coast Guard activities. Once the shutdown ends, persons working with the Coast Guard are likely to see significantly greater response times for plan approvals, processing of vessel transactions, licensing, the payment of claims, and other necessary regulatory actions.

A more worrying risk of a continued shutdown is its potential impact on the Coast Guard’s cadre of experienced and skilled civilian personnel who serve a vital role in the Coast Guard’s regulatory and marine safety functions and in providing service to the maritime industry. If the shutdown continues much longer, those valuable personnel may decide to seek other employment or retire, which could cause a long-term erosion of Coast Guard capabilities in a number of areas, from marine inspections to vessel transactions.

Maritime Administration

MARAD reported that as of January 11, 2019, 466 of its total staff of 740 were excepted and at work with the rest furloughed. About 168 of that 466 total work at the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy and a significant portion of the rest work with respect to the Ready Reserve Force of standby national defense cargo vessels. The Merchant Marine Academy is, however, short staffed with another 86 staff on furlough. MARAD indicates that it will continue to function with respect to its missions in connection with maritime safety of life and property and security of vessels for the U.S. Government during the shutdown but most offices are not fully staffed.

Although efforts have been made to scrape together prior year money to continue paying the 60 vessels in the Maritime Security Program (MSP), that money will soon run out and contractors will not be receiving monthly stipend amounts intended to retain the vessels for national security use. Upon such non-payment, the law authorizes the owners of such vessels to leave the U.S. flag and terminate their obligations to make the vessels available for U.S. Government use in a national emergency.

Federal Maritime Commission

Unlike the Coast Guard and MARAD which have maintained substantial but reduced operations, the Federal Maritime Commission (FMC) announced on December 26, 2018 that it would be ceasing all operations until appropriations have been renewed.

Specifically, the Commission stated that it will not respond to any email or phone inquiries, that online databases will not be updated, and that the Commission will not accept any new filings of carrier or marine terminal operator agreements, service contracts, complaints, requests for dispute resolution services, or otherwise. None of the online databases, including the listing of effective shipping service contracts, the common carrier tariff list, or the list of licensed and bonded ocean transportation intermediaries will be available during the suspension of services.

With the Federal Maritime Commission shuttered indefinitely, the industry may be forced to choose in many cases between foregoing business opportunities or violating the law. For example, carriers cannot comply with requirements that agreements between common carriers, such as space charters, be on file and in effect with the Commission before the common carriers may act under such agreements, and shippers cannot update or enter into new service contracts on file with the Commission if the Commission refuses to accept filings of any kind. Similarly, with the Commission no longer accepting complaints, there will be no forum for shippers, passengers or other consumers to pursue relief under the Shipping Act, effectively suspending enforcement of the Shipping Act until further notice.

Regarding common carrier agreements, common carriers may still deliver them to the Commission and take the position that under the Shipping Act, such agreements come into effect 45 days after filing, irrespective of whether the Commission has taken action on them. With respect to service contracts, the Commission’s inability to accept filings may be deemed a “malfunction” of the Commission’s filings system, in which case Commission regulations permit such agreements to come into effect before filing, provided they are actually filed within twenty-four hours of the Commission’s filing systems’ return to service.

Charlie Papavizas focuses his practice on administrative, legislative, and finance matters, primarily in the maritime industry. Charlie is frequently consulted on the application of U.S.-flag laws and regulations, particularly the application of U.S. coastwise laws (Jones Act) to cargo, passenger, and vessel movements and investments in U.S. companies. Chambers USA describes him as “incredibly knowledgeable” thanks to his reputation as “the dean of maritime law.” He has extensive experience in advocacy on behalf of maritime clients before various federal agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Maritime Administration, and the U.S. Congress. Such clients have included U.S. and foreign vessel owners and operators, industrial companies, private equity, commercial banks, and other financial institutions, shipyards, ship managers, and marine equipment suppliers.

Allen Black handles a broad range of maritime matters including regulatory issues, cargo and shipping issues, vessel financing and documentation, maritime litigation and arbitration, maritime commercial transactions, marine construction and product liability issues, and general maritime counseling. Allen served as a seagoing officer, and later as an attorney, in the U.S. Coast Guard, retiring at the rank of Commander in 1996. Before attending law school, Allen served three tours afloat, commanding two Coast Guard cutters and carrying out the full range of Coast Guard missions, from heavy weather rescues to intercepting drug smugglers and deterring mutinies at sea. As a Coast Guard attorney, he handled a number of felony-level trials and advised Coast Guard commanders, before being selected to train and ultimately manage the Coast Guard’s legal workforce. Following retirement from the Coast Guard, Allen worked as a maritime and litigation attorney in Baltimore before joining Winston & Strawn in 1999.

Bryant Gardner's experience includes government contract negotiations and disputes, transportation and logistics contracts drafting and dispute resolution, regulatory counseling, fleet refinancing, newbuild financing and delivery, Shipping Act litigation, import/export regulations, and matters involving the carriage of goods including regulated hazardous materials. He also has extensive experience representing government contractors, carriers, terminals, port authorities, shippers, financial institutions, and other transportation industry clients before the Government Accountability Office, Federal Courts, Congress, Customs Service, U.S. Transportation Command, Military Sealift Command, Federal Maritime Commission, Department of Transportation, Coast Guard, Maritime Administration, Office of Foreign Assets Control, and Bureau of Industry and Security.